Constitution of the Confederacy

Constitution of the Confederate States of America
March 11, 1861


Preamble Article I Article II Article III
Article IV Article V Article VI Article VII



Preamble
We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character, in order to
form a permanent federal government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, and secure the blessings of liberty
to ourselves and our posterity invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the Confederate States of America.

Article I
Section I. All legislative powers herein delegated shall be vested in a Congress of the Confederate States, which shall
consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Sec. 2. (I) The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of
the several States; and the electors in each State shall be citizens of the Confederate States, and have the
qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature; but no person of foreign
birth, not a citizen of the Confederate States, shall be allowed to vote for any officer, civil or political, State or Federal.

(2) No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and be a citizen of
the Confederate States, and who shall not when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

(3) Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States, which may be included within this
Confederacy, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free
persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all slaves.
,The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the Confederate
States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of
Representatives shall not exceed one for every fifty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative;
and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of South Carolina shall be entitled to choose six; the State of
Georgia ten; the State of Alabama nine; the State of Florida two; the State of Mississippi seven; the State of Louisiana
six; and the State of Texas six.

(4) When vacancies happen in the representation from any State the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of
election to fill such vacancies.

(5) The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of
impeachment; except that any judicial or other Federal officer, resident and acting solely within the limits of any State,
may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature thereof.

Sec. 3. (I) The Senate of the Confederate States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen for six
years by the Legislature thereof, at the regular session next immediately preceding the commencement of the term of
service; and each Senator shall have one vote.

(2) Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as
may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second
year; of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year; so
that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other wise, during the
recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting
of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.

(3) No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, and be a citizen of the
Confederate States; and who shall not, then elected, be an inhabitant of the State for which he shall be chosen.

(4) The Vice President of the Confederate States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they
be equally divided.

(5) The Senate shall choose their other officers; and also a president pro tempore in the absence of the Vice
President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the Confederate states.

(6) The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath
or affirmation. When the President of the Confederate States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person
shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

(7) Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold
any office of honor, trust, or profit under the Confederate States; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable
and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law.

Sec. 4. (I) The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in
each State by the Legislature thereof, subject to the provisions of this Constitution; but the Congress may, at any time,
by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the times and places of choosing Senators.

(2) The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in
December, unless they shall, by law, appoint a different day.

Sec. 5. (I) Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a
majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may
be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each House
may provide.

(2) Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the
concurrence of two-thirds of the whole number, expel a member.

(3) Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as
may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall,
at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

(4) Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three
days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Sec. 6. (I) The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law,
and paid out of the Treasury of the Confederate States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of
the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to
and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other
place. 'o Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office
under the authority of the Confederate States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have
been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the Confederate States shall be a member of
either House during his continuance in office. But Congress may, by law, grant to the principal officer in each of the
Executive Departments a seat upon the floor of either House, with the privilege of discussing any measures
appertaining to his department.

Sec. 7. (I) All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or
concur with amendments, as on other bills.

(2) Every bill which shall have passed both Houses, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the
Confederate States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in
which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If,
after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the
objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it
shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the
names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respective}y. If any
bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him,
the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its
return; in which case it shall not be a law. The President may approve any appropriation and disapprove any other
appropriation in the same bill. In such case he shall, in signing the bill, designate the appropriations disapproved; and
shall return a copy of such appropriations, with his objections, to the House in which the bill shall have originated; and
the same proceedings shall then be had as in case of other bills disapproved by the President.

(3) Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of both Houses may be necessary (except on a question
of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the Confederate States; and before the same shall take effect,
shall be approved by him; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of both Houses, according to
the rules and limitations prescribed in case of a bill.

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power-

(I) To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises for revenue, necessary to pay the debts, provide for the
common defense, and carry on the Government of the Confederate States; but no bounties shall be granted from the
Treasury; nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of
industry; and all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the Confederate States.

(2) To borrow money on the credit of the Confederate States.

(3) To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; but neither
this, nor any other clause contained in the Constitution, shall ever be construed to delegate the power to Congress to
appropriate money for any internal improvement intended to facilitate commerce; except for the purpose of furnishing
lights, beacons, and buoys, and other aids to navigation upon the coasts, and the improvement of harbors and the
removing of obstructions in river navigation; in all which cases such duties shall be laid on the navigation facilitated
thereby as may be necessary to pay the costs and expenses thereof.

(4) To establish uniform laws of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the
Confederate States; but no law of Congress shall discharge any debt contracted before the passage of the same.

(5) To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures.

(6) To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the Confederate States.

(7) To establish post offices and post routes; but the expenses of the Post Office Department, after the Ist day of
March in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and sixty-three, shall be paid out of its own revenues.

(8) To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the
exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.

(9) To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court.

(10) To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations.

(11) To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water.

(12) To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years.

(13) To provide and maintain a navy.

(14) To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces.

(15) To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Confederate States, suppress insurrections, and
repel invasions.

(16) To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be
employed in the service of the Confederate States; reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the
officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.

(17) To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as
may, by cession of one or more States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the
Confederate States; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the
State in which the same shall be, for the . erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful
buildings; and

(18) To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all
other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the Confederate States, or in any department or officer
thereof.

Sec. 9. (I) The importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the slaveholding States
or Territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and Congress is required to pass such laws as shall
effectually prevent the same.

(2) Congress shall also have power to prohibit the introduction of slaves from any State not a member of, or Territory
not belonging to, this Confederacy.

(3) The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the
public safety may require it.

(4) No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be
passed.

(5) No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore
directed to be taken.

(6) No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State, except by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses.

(7) No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of
another.

(8) No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

(9) Congress shall appropriate no money from the Treasury except by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses, taken by
yeas and nays, unless it be asked and estimated for by some one of the heads of departments and submitted to
Congress by the President; or for the purpose of paying its own expenses and contingencies; or for the payment of
claims against the Confederate States, the justice of which shall have been judicially declared by a tribunal for the
investigation of claims against the Government, which it is hereby made the duty of Congress to establish.

(10) All bills appropriating money shall specify in Federal currency the exact amount of each appropriation and the
purposes for which it is made; and Congress shall grant no extra compensation to any public contractor, officer, agent,
or servant, after such contract shall have been made or such service rendered.

(11) No title of nobility shall be granted by the Confederate States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust
under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

(12) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the
Government for a redress of grievances.

(13) A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear
arms shall not be infringed.

(14) No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war,
but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

(15) The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable
searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath
or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

(16) No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or
indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in
time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
limb; nor be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

(17) In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the
State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained
by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him;
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

(18) In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be
preserved; and no fact so tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the Confederacy, than
according to the rules of common law.

(19) Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

(20) Every law, or resolution having the force of law, shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the
title.

Sec. 10. (I) No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin
money; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, or ex post facto
law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.

(2) No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what
may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by
any State on imports, or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the Confederate States; and all such laws shall
be subject to the revision and control of Congress.

(3) No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, except on seagoing vessels, for the
improvement of its rivers and harbors navigated by the said vessels; but such duties shall not conflict with any treaties
of the Confederate States with foreign nations; and any surplus revenue thus derived shall, after making such
improvement, be paid into the common treasury. Nor shall any State keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter
into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded,
or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. But when any river divides or flows through two or more States
they may enter into compacts with each other to improve the navigation thereof.

ARTICLE II
Section I. (I) The executive power shall be vested in a President of the Confederate States of America. He and the Vice
President shall hold their offices for the term of six years; but the President shall not be reeligible. The President and
Vice President shall be elected as follows:

(2) Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the
whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or
Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under the Confederate States shall be appointed an elector.

(3) The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom,
at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted
for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct lists of all
persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each,
which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of. the Confederate States,
directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall,in the presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number
of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed;
and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the
list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President.
But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote;
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the
States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the
right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 4th day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as
President, as in case of the death, or other constitutional disability of the President.

(4) The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest
numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of
the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.

(5) But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the
Confederate States.

(6) The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes;
which day shall be the same throughout the Confederate States.

(7) No person except a natural-born citizen of the Confederate; States, or a citizen thereof at the time of the adoption
of this Constitution, or a citizen thereof born in the United States prior to the 20th of December, 1860, shall be eligible
to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of
thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the limits of the Confederate States, as they may exist at the
time of his election.

(8) In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers
and duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President; and the Congress may, by law, provide for the
case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall
then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be
elected.

(9) The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor
diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that period any other
emolument from the Confederate States, or any of them.

(10) Before he enters on the execution of his office he shall take the following oath or affirmation:

Sec. 2. (I) The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the Confederate States, and of the
militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the Confederate States; he may require the opinion,
in writing, of the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their
respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the Confederate
States, except in cases of impeachment.

(2) He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties; provided two-thirds of the
Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint,
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
Confederate States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law;
but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President
alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

(3) The principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, and all persons connected with the diplomatic service,
may be removed from office at the pleasure of the President. All other civil officers of the Executive Departments may
be removed at any time by the President, or other appointing power, when their services are unnecessary, or for
dishonesty, incapacity. inefficiency, misconduct, or neglect of duty; and when so removed, the removal shall be
reported to the Senate, together with the reasons therefor.

(4) The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting
commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session; but no person rejected by the Senate shall be
reappointed to the same office during their ensuing recess.

Sec. 3. (I) The President shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Confederacy, and
recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary
occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them; and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the
time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and
other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the
Confederate States.

Sec. 4. (I) The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the Confederate States, shall be removed from office
on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III
Section I. (I) The judicial power of the Confederate States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior
courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a
compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

Sec. 2. (I) The judicial power shall extend to all cases arising under this Constitution, the laws of the Confederate
States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other
public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the
Confederate States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of
another State, where the State is plaintiff; between citizens claiming lands under grants of different States; and
between a State or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects; but no State shall be sued by a citizen
or subject of any foreign state.

(2) In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party,
the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall
have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress
shall make.

(3) The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State
where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such
place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

Sec. 3. (I) Treason against the Confederate States shall consist only in levying war against.them, or in adhering to their
enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two
witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

(2) The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work
corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

ARTICLE IV
Section I. (I) Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of
every other State; and the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and
proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

Sec. 2. (I) The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several
States; and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy, with their slaves and other
property; and the right of property in said slaves shall not be thereby impaired.

(2) A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime against the laws of such State, who shall flee
from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled,
be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.

(3) No slave or other person held to service or labor in any State or Territory of the Confederate States, under the laws
thereof, escaping or lawfully carried into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged
from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such slave belongs,. or to whom
such service or labor may be due.

Sec. 3. (I) Other States may be admitted into this Confederacy by a vote of two-thirds of the whole House of
Representatives and two-thirds of the Senate, the Senate voting by States; but no new State shall be formed or
erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or
parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.

(2) The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make allneedful rules and regulations concerning the property of
the Confederate States, including the lands thereof.

(3) The Confederate States may acquire new territory; and Congress shall have power to legislate and provide
governments for the inhabitants of all territory belonging to the Confederate States, lying without the limits of the
several Sates; and may permit them, at such times, and in such manner as it may by law provide, to form States to be
admitted into the Confederacy. In all such territory the institution of negro slavery, as it now exists in the Confederate
States, shall be recognized and protected be Congress and by the Territorial government; and the inhabitants of the
several Confederate States and Territories shall have the right to take to such Territory any slaves lawfully held by
them in any of the States or Territories of the Confederate States.

(4) The Confederate States shall guarantee to every State that now is, or hereafter may become, a member of this
Confederacy, a republican form of government; and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of
the Legislature or of the Executive when the Legislature is not in session) against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V
Section I. (I) Upon the demand of any three States, legally assembled in their several conventions, the Congress shall
summon a convention of all the States, to take into consideration such amendments to the Constitution as the said
States shall concur in suggesting at the time when the said demand is made; and should any of the proposed
amendments to the Constitution be agreed on by the said convention, voting by States, and the same be ratified by the
Legislatures of two- thirds of the several States, or by conventions in two-thirds thereof, as the one or the other mode
of ratification may be proposed by the general convention, they shall thenceforward form a part of this Constitution. But
no State shall, without its consent, be deprived of its equal representation in the Senate.

ARTICLE VI
I. The Government established by this Constitution is the successor of the Provisional Government of the Confederate
States of America, and all the laws passed by the latter shall continue in force until the same shall be repealed or
modified; and all the officers appointed by the same shall remain in office until their successors are appointed and
qualified, or the offices abolished.

2. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against
the Confederate States under this Constitution, as under the Provisional Government.

3. This Constitution, and the laws of the Confederate States made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or
which shall be made, under the authority of the Confederate States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding.

4. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all
executive and judicial officers, both of the Confederate States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or
affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or
public trust under the Confederate States.

5. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained
by the people of the several States.

6. The powers not delegated to the Confederate States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are
reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people thereof.

ARTICLE VII
I. The ratification of the conventions of five States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between
the States so ratifying the same.

2. When five States shall have ratified this Constitution, in the manner before specified, the Congress under the
Provisional Constitution shall prescribe the time for holding the election of President and Vice President; and for the
meeting of the Electoral College; and for counting the votes, and inaugurating the President. They shall, also,
prescribe the time for holding the first election of members of Congress under this Constitution, and the time for
assembling the same. Until the assembling of such Congress, the Congress under the Provisional Constitution shall
continue to exercise the legislative powers granted them; not extending beyond the time limited by the Constitution of
the Provisional Government.

Adopted unanimously by the Congress of the Confederate States of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, sitting in convention at the capitol, the city of Montgomery, Ala., on the eleventh day
of March, in the year eighteen hundred and Sixty-one.

HOWELL COBB, President of the Congress.

South Carolina: R. Barnwell Rhett, C. G. Memminger, Wm. Porcher Miles, James Chesnut, Jr., R. W. Barnwell, William
W. Boyce, Lawrence M. Keitt, T. J. Withers.

Georgia: Francis S. Bartow, Martin J. Crawford, Benjamin H. Hill, Thos. R. R. Cobb.

Florida: Jackson Morton, J. Patton Anderson, Jas. B. Owens.

Alabama: Richard W. Walker, Robt. H. Smith, Colin J. McRae, William P. Chilton, Stephen F. Hale, David P. Lewis, Tho.
Fearn, Jno. Gill Shorter, J. L. M. Curry.

Mississippi: Alex. M. Clayton, James T. Harrison, William S. Barry, W. S. Wilson, Walker Brooke, W. P. Harris, J. A. P.
Campbell.

Louisiana: Alex. de Clouet, C. M. Conrad, Duncan F. Kenner, Henry Marshall.

Texas: John Hemphill, Thomas N. Waul, John H. Reagan, Williamson S. Oldham, Louis T. Wigfall, John Gregg, William
Beck Ochiltree.

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